Perbedaan present perfect dan past perfect

Perbedaan waktu

Present perfect digunakan untuk menceritakan kejadian yang baru saja terjadi dan berkaitan dengan waktu saat ini.

Who is the woman, I have seen her before but I can't remember where.
We aren't hungry we've just have lunch.
The house is dirty they have not cleaned for three weeks.

Past perfect digunakan untuk menceritakan kejadian yang baru saja terjadi tetapi berkaitan dengan kejadian di waktu lampau.

I wasn't sure who she was. I'd seen her before, but I couldn't remember where.
We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch.
The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned it for weeks.

Struktur kalimat

Present perfect

S + Have/Has + V3

Untuk lebih jelasnya lihat ini

Past perfect

S + Had + V3

Untuk lebih jelasnya lihat ini

Past perfect (I have done)

Perhatikan contoh berikut

Sarah went to a party last week.(Sarah pergi ke pesta minggu lalu) Paul went to the party too, but they didn't see each other.(Paul juga pergi ke pesta yang sama, tetapi mereka tidak saling bertemu) Paul left the party at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock.(Paul meninggalkan pesta pada pukul 10.30 dan Sarah tiba pukul 11) So, when Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there.(Jadi ketika Sarah tiba di pesta, Paul sudah tidak ada di sana) He had go home.(Dia sudah pulang ke rumah)

He had gone adalah past perfect.

I/We/They/You		Had		(=I'd etc)		gone
He/She/It		Had		(=He'd)		Finished

Susunan kalimatnya adalah sebagai berikut:
S + had + past participle (v3)

Kita menggunakan past perfect ketika menceritakan sebuah kejadian yang sudah terjadi di waktu lampau.

Sarah arrived at the party.

Ini adalah penanda awal dari cerita di atas, yang menunjukan kejadian tersebut terjadi di waktu yang lampau. Maka ketika kita akan menceritakan kejadian yang sudah terjadi pada waktu itu kita akan menggunakan past perfect (had)

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.

Contoh lainnya:

When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.

Karen didn't want to go to the cinema with us because she'd already seen the movie.

At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but I soon realised that I'd made a big mistake.

The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. He hadn't flown before.

Perbedaan present perfect continuous dengan present continuous (I am doing vs I have been doing)

Perbedaan present perfect continuous dengan present continuous

Mungkin kamu masih bingung apa bedanya present perfect continuous dengan present continuous. Ok berikut ini adalah penjelasannya.

Struktur kalimat

Present continuous:
S + am/are/is +V ing

Untuk lebih jelasnya
 
Present perfect continuous:

S + have/has + been + V ing

Untuk lebih jelasnya

Waktu

Present continuous:

Mendefinisikan apa yang sedang terjadi sekarang.

Don't disturb me now I am working (Jangan ganggu saya sekarang saya sedang bekerja)

We need umbrella it's raining (kita membutuhkan payung sekarang sedang hujan)

Hurry up! We are waiting (Buruan kami sedang menunggu)

Present perfect continuous:

Kita menggunakan present perfect continuous untuk menceritakan kejadian yang baru saja terjadi, yang menyangkut situasi sekarang

I've been working now I am going to have a break. (Saya sudah bekerja keras sekarang saya mau istirahat)

The ground is wet. It's been raining. (Tanahnya basah, barusan hujan)

We've been waiting for an hour. (Kita sudah menunggu sekitar satu jam)

Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)

Perhatikan cerita berikut

Is it raining? (apakah sekarang hujan)
No but the ground is wet (tidak tapi tanahnya basah)

It has been raining.
Have/Has been + V-ing adalah present perfect continuous

I/We/They/You have (I've ...)		Been doing
He/She/It has (He's ...)		Been waiting

Kita menggunakan present continuous untuk mengatakan peristiwa yang baru saja terjadi, yang ada hubungannya dengan sekarang.

• You're out of breath. Have you been running?(Kamu terlihat terengah-engah. Apakah kamu baru saja berlari?)
• Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. (Paul terlihat sangat lelah. Dia telah bekerja sangat keras)
• Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing?(Mengapa bajumu kotor? apa yang baru saja kamu kerjakan?)
• I've been talking to Amanda about the problem and she agrees with me. (Saya sudah berbicara ke Amanda mengenai masalah tersebut dan Ia setuju dengan saya)
• Where have you been? I've been looking for you everywhere.(Kamu dari mana saja? saya sudah mencarimu ke mana-mana)

Pelajari contoh berikut

It has been raining for two hours. (Sudah hujan selama dua jam)

It began raining two hours ago and it still raining.

How long has it been raining?
It has been raining for two hours.


Kita menggunakan present perfect continuous ketika kita menggunakan kata-kata seperti berikut how long, for ... and since ... Aktivitas yang baru saja selesai, ataupun aktivitas yang masih berlangsung.

How long have you been learning English?(sudah berapa lama kamu belajar baha Inggris) artinya sekarang kamu masih belajar bahasa Inggris.

Tim is still watching TV. He's been watching TV all day. (Tim masih menonton TV. Ia telah menonton TV sepanjang hari).

Where have you been? I've been looking for you for the last half hour. (Kamu dari mana saja? aku sudah mencarimu selama setengah jam.

Chris hasn't been feeling well recently. (Chris baru saja tidak enak badan)

Kamu bisa menggunakan present perfect continuous untuk mengatakan kegiatan yang berulang-ulanng dalam periode waktu tertentu.

Silvia is a very good tennis player. She's been playing since she was eight. (Silvia adalah pemain tenis yang hebat. Dia sudah bermain tenis sejak umur delapan tahun).

Present perfect (I have lost my key)

Contoh

I have lost my key (Saya telah kehilangan kunci)
Tom is looking for his key. (Tom sedang mencari kuncinya)
He has lost his key. (Dia telah kehilangan kuncinya)

He has lost his key = Dia baru saja kehilangan kunci, dan masih belum menemukannya kembali. Have/Has adalah Present perfect
 

I/We/They/You have = I've ...		Finished
He/She/It have = he's...		Done

Present perfect tersusun dari Subject + have/has + past participle (verb 3)
Kita menggunakan present perfect ketika kita membicarakan sesuatu yang sudah terjadi, dan biasanya ini suatu informasi yang baru:

• Ow! I've cut my finger (Ow, tanganku teriris)
• The road is closed. There's been an accident (Jalan ditutup. Ada kecelakaan di sana)
• Untuk berita Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery (Polisi telah menangkap dua pria terkait kasus perampokan)

Kita menggunakan present perfect untuk mengatakan sesuatu yang lampau dan masih terkait dengan saat ini:

• Where's your key? I don't know, I've lost it = I don't have it now
• He told me his name but I've forgotten it = I can't remember it nnow
• Is Shelly here? No she's gone out = She is out now
• I can't find my bag, Have you seen it? = Do you know where is it now?

Perhatikan perbedaan antara gone (to) dan been (to)
James is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. = He is there now or on his way there
Jane is back home now, she has been to Italy = She has now come back

Kamu dapat menggunakan present perfect dengan just, already dan yet.
Just = beberapa saat yang lalu

• Are you hungry? No I have just had lunch.
• Hello, have you just arrived.

Kita menggunakan already untuk mengatakan sesuatu yang terjadi lebih cepat dari yang diperkirakan

• Dont forget to pay your electricity bill. I've already paid it
• What time is Mark leaving? He's already left.

Yet = sampai saat ini. Yet menunjukan jika pembicara mengharapkan sesuatu hal terjadi. Gunakan yet hanya untuk kalimat negativ dan kalimat tanya.

• Has it stopped raining yet?
• I've written the email. But I haven't sent it yet.

Kamu juga dapat menggunakan past simple (did, went, had etc).

• Is shelly here? No she went out. atau She's gone out
• Are you hungry? No I just had lunch. atau I've just had lunch.

Past continuous (I was eating)

Perhatikan paragraf berikut

Past continuous digunakan untuk medeskripsikan hal yang sedang berlangsung di waktu lampau.

Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They started at
10 o'clock and finished at 11.30.
So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis.

They were playing => artinya mereka sedang bermain pada saat itu. Jadi pada pukul 10.30 mereka belum selesai bermain.

Were/was -ing merupakan pola past continuous.

I/He/She/It		Was		playing
You/We/They		Were		playing

Contoh:
I was walking home when I met Dan. (Saya sedang berjalan ke rumah ketika bertemu Dan).
Kate was watching TV when we arrived. (Kate sedang menonton TV ketika kami tiba).

Pada umumnya kaliman past continuous akan menyertakan kalimat tambahan yang menjelaskan ketika sesuatu hal terjadi biasanya dihubungkan dengan kata when, while, at 10.30 (keterangan waktu)

I was a young boy, when my grandfather died (Past Simple)

Penggunaan Was/Were di simple past

Pada kalimat lampau penggunaan am/is/are diganti menjadi was/were. Dengan pola kalimat sebagai berikut:

Bentuk kalimat positif dan negatif

I/He/She/It		Was/Wasn't (was not)
We/You/They		Were/Weren't (were not)

Bentuk kalimat tanya

Was		I/He/She/It ... ?
Were		You/We/They ... ?

Jika kalimat terbut menggunakan Was/Were maka tidak akan diikuti oleh kata kerja, biasanya dikuti oleh kata yang sifat hanya memberikan informasi mengenai suatu keadaan pada saat itu.

Contoh kalimat:
I was angry because they were late. (Saya marah karena mereka datang terlambat)
Was the weather good when you were on holiday? (Apakah cuacanya bagus saat kamu sedang liburan?)
They weren't able to come because they were so busy. (Mereka tidak bisa datang karena mereka sibuk)
Did you go out last night or were you too tired?  (Apakah kamu pergi tadi malam, atau kamu terlalu lelah).